Critical minerals are essential to the UK economy, national security, and clean energy transition. Surging demand for such materials, driven by the UK ambition to become a global leader in digital technologies, will place unprecedented pressure on already vulnerable global supply chains. A (CMIC) presents both the opportunities for innovation-led economic growth and the challenges associated with securing the materials required for data centres, artificial intelligence (AI) and quantum computing.

Data centres are now recognised as critical national infrastructure in the UK, with more than 90 new facilities planned by 2030, while, quantum technologies and AI have been identified as strategically important technologies. Meeting increasing demand for such digital services requires a growing range of critical minerals and high-purity materials. The growth of these technologies will increase demand for critical minerals including copper, aluminium, rare earth elements and battery materials (such as lithium and cobalt) used in digital technology components and backup power systems. Quantum technologies also require some critical minerals that are more rarely discussed, including niobium, hafnium, bismuth, high-purity silicon and other raw materials such as helium.

CMIC is hosted by the 51ÁÔÆæ (BGS) and funded by the Department for Business, Innovation, Science & Technology (DBIST). This report highlights the value of data centres, AI and quantum computing to the UK economy and future economic growth and emphasises the importance of critical minerals in their development. The global trade routes that feed the UK with many of the necessary raw materials for cutting-edge technologies are still immature and underdeveloped, relying on exports from a small group of countries. Additionally, many critical minerals are only produced as by-products from the mining and refining of other commodities, such as copper and aluminium, so their production can be affected by the market swings for those major metals. Collectively, these factors can render vital supply chains unresponsive to demand and vulnerable to geopolitical factors.

The report highlights several ways to strengthen resilience, including international partnerships, supply chain diversification and targeted development of domestic capabilities. There are many opportunities for the UK, which should capitalise on its potential to mine, refine, purify and recycle some critical minerals. Nonetheless, international collaboration and strategic partnerships remain essential. In the future, digital technologies will face increasing competition for critical minerals from other sectors that we rely on for our energy, transportation, home and work lives, defence and health care, and we may need to prioritise how our critical mineral supplies are used. The report lead author, BGS Minerals geoscientist Dr Holly Elliott, believes that the need to better understand and forecast the nation mineral supply requirements has never been greater and is central to delivering the country ambitions.

“While some of the materials used in digital technologies have highly concentrated supply chains, there are also opportunities to improve resilience through innovation, international collaboration, diversification of supply and the development of specialist capabilities where the UK already has strengths.

“The UK has already invested in the development of a skilled domestic workforce and created growth zones but, to become a centre of excellence within the digital revolution, we must identify potential bottlenecks and vulnerabilities in the critical mineral supply for the decades to come, and act now.�

Dr Holly Elliott, BGS minerals geoscientist

Many of the materials required for digital technologies, such as lithium, cobalt and graphite, are experiencing significant growth in demand and intensifying competition between key sectors, including low-carbon technologies, aerospace, defence and advanced manufacturing. These are all expected to experience their own growth surges in the near future, while the wider adoption of quantum computing is currently an unknown, but likely to be a significant, factor.

Batteries sit at the heart of many of these technologies, with data centres requiring huge, grid-scale batteries to ensure an uninterruptible energy supply in the event of a disruption to mains power. The energy requirements of these facilities is considerable. Based on the findings of a , a 1 GW data centre running continuously could use as much power as up to 3.2 million UK households over the course of a year. The that the UK will need up to 6 GW of AI-capable data centre capacity by 2030, highlighting the true scale of the demand for battery raw materials.

The UK Government will increasingly face the challenge of prioritising how much of the available critical mineral supply will be directed toward the development of AI technologies and data centres while also nurturing fledgling industries such as quantum computing.

Dr Elliott says diversification will be essential to securing reliable and sustainable supplies of critical minerals.

“Whilst the UK has the potential to develop domestic supplies of certain critical minerals, it is unlikely to achieve self-reliance and cannot become a specialist in all parts of the supply chain.

“Access to global supply chains, international collaboration and strategic partnerships therefore remain vital; the opportunity best lies in collaboration and strategic partnerships to offset the risk posed by geopolitical uncertainty.�

Dr Holly Elliott

The report also highlights opportunities for the UK to build on existing strengths in semiconductor technologies, photonics, cryogenics, quantum technologies and high-purity materials. Alongside these established capabilities, opportunities will emerge to develop domestic recycling and secondary supply chains as demand for digital technologies continues to grow.

In terms of primary supply, various prospective UK projects are likely to become more economically viable with the increase in demand, such as:

• lithium resources in Cornwall
• tungsten in Devon
• graphite in Northern Ireland
• nickel, vanadium and the platinum group metals in Scotland

However, Dr Holly Elliott warns that ambition does need to be balanced against realistic understandings of how these supply chains operate.

“Geologically speaking, the Earth is not short of minerals. Scarcity is typically driven by a combination of factors, such as geopolitical access, the economic viability of extraction, and the technological constraints around our ability to refine and process them.

“History suggests that restricted supply but increasing demand creates market opportunities and that supply chains eventually catch up with demand but, in the case of minerals, this can take decades.�

Dr Holly Elliott

As such, enhanced access to global supply chains, international collaboration and strategic partnerships will be vital in the immediate future, offsetting the risk posed by geopolitical uncertainty. Over the longer term, investment that builds on the UK existing technological strengths and development of regions with domestic prospectivity can further strengthen the UK position as the demand for critical minerals intensifies.

Report recommendations

In summary the report recommendations include:

• Isotopic purification and high-purity materials: the UK can build on its strong expertise in isotopic purification to increase domestic commercial production, supporting global diversification and reducing supply risks
• Expand downstream manufacturing capabilities: broadening established industries (including cryogenics, photonics and semiconductors) from design into manufacturing could reduce the UK reliance on imported components
• Critical minerals and processing capacity: the UK should assess viable opportunities in the domestic critical mineral supply chain, including extraction and value-added processing where potential exists
• Quantum-enabling materials: developing domestic capabilities in non-linear materials and crystals would mitigate trade interventions and strengthen supply resilience
• Recycling and secondary supply: developing recycling and processing hubs for electronic waste components would help to establish a secondary supply of the materials for which the UK has limited domestic extraction potential
• Industrial support and enabling environment: there may be a role for targeted support mechanisms to encourage the development or expansion of domestic facilities for primary production, materials refining, isotopic purification and secondary material recovery
• Data, demand visibility and supply chain mapping: encouraging UK companies to report quantified material requirements for key technologies, such as data centres and batteries, would support improved modelling of future demand under different technology adoption and growth trajectories
• Workforce and skills development: further support for workforce development in emerging sectors such as quantum computing would help address shortages in specialist and technical roles spanning engineering, computer science and physics

The full report, ‘’, is available on the CMIC website.

This research was funded by the Department for Business, Innovation, Science and Technology as part of the 2025 to 2026 work programme for CMIC.

Critical mineralsunderpin the UK economy, technology, energytransitionand industrial resilience. Criticality assessments are widely used to identify the commodities with the highest risk of supply disruption and associated economic impacts. The resulting lists of ‘critical minerals’ increasingly guide national and regional strategies for investment, industrial development and supply-chain resilience.

In 2024, the UK Critical Minerals Intelligence Centre (CMIC), hosted by BGS, published its updated UK Criticality Assessment, supported by an improved and more transparent methodology. This assessment used available data covering the last five to ten years and was complemented by several foresight studies on key decarbonisation technologies and the UK demand for critical raw materials up to 2050.

, released by CMIC, evaluates a series of methodological enhancements through improved quantification of economic importance, including trade restrictions and expanded considerations for environmental, social and governance (ESG) criteria. The report has been designed to help tailor futureUK criticality assessmentsto the structure of the UK economy, its tradeprofileand strategic industrial sectors more closely.

The report makes five recommendations that should be implemented into the next UK criticality assessment to add further value and benefit:

• better tracking of critical raw materials’ market stability and transparency
• three new indicators to improve measurement of the importance of materials to the UK economy and their flow through the whole domestic supply chain
• accounting for geopolitical risk in trade by considering any interventionist history of trading partners
• expansion of the supply-chain monitoring capacity to the midstream sector
• addition of climate vulnerability to the ESG indicator

Together, these enhancements will deliver a more comprehensive and policy-relevant understanding of criticality, particularlybyimproving the visibility of midstream supply-chain risks. Forimport-reliant nationsliketheUKthat have limited upstreamproduction,accuratetracking of intermediate and manufactured product flows is essential to understanding true supply dependencies andpoints ofintervention.

The new indicators will be rigorously tested through sensitivity analyses in the next assessment cycle, including retrospective evaluation against 2024 results.

Thisreport strengthens theUKcritically assessmentbyintegrating market dynamics, supply-chain interdependencies, geopoliticalrisksand climate vulnerabilities through multiple complementary indicators. Material flow characterisation strengthens trade-based indicators, while the integration of climate vulnerability into the ESG criteria addresses a critical gap with minimal methodological disruption.Corporate concentrationand production forecasting were also evaluated and deemed tooffer the best valuefor targeted,deep-diveanalysesand potential stress-testing of industry supply chains,but data limitationsprevent systematic application in criticality assessments.

Theresult is a moregranular, evidence-basedunderstanding of howdifferent materialsexhibit criticality,whetherthroughmarket opacity, supply-chain centrality, geopolitical concentration, orclimate exposure,enabling tailored intervention strategies matched to specific material risk profiles rather than one-size-fits-all approaches.

Dr Pierre Josso, deputy director of CMIC.

More than 700 additional geological samples from the vicinity of the ceased Foss Mine near Aberfeldy, Perthshire, are now available for study at the National Geological Repository (NGR), located at BGS headquarters near Nottingham. The sample set, comprising outcrop and drillcore, was originally collected in the 1980s by Dr Norman Moles, who was undertaking research on the Foss deposit for his PhD at the University of Edinburgh. The samples complement existing NGR holdings of runs of drillcore from exploration drilling of the Foss and Ben Eagach–Duntanlich baryte deposits in the 1980s.

The fully catalogued collection of 717 specimens will be of interest to scientists for a range of further studies. Such studies could include investigations of critical metal potential, following a 2023 report by BGS that highlighted the central Perthshire region as one of the UK prospective areas for critical raw materials. The mine was the main source of baryte, or barium sulfate (BaSO₄), in the UK from the early 1980s until its closure in 2021. Baryte is primarily used in the oil and gas industry to help stabilise boreholes during drilling and was extensively used in the North Sea. Associated with the bedded baryte deposits are rocks rich in barium feldspars and micas, as well as sulfide and carbonate minerals.

Alongside the Foss material, the NGR houses the UK foremost collection of geological samples. This includes over 16million geological specimens, including 600km of drillcore and 200000 thin sections. Boreholes take time to drill and can be very costly, so a shared repository of ground information, such as the collection held within the NGR, provides scientists access to pre-drilled samples for further research and analysis, saving significant project costs and accelerating timelines. The core from the site of the former Foss Mine is another example of how our relationship with the subsurface is ever evolving, sometimes in ways that can be hard to predict.

Cores from the Foss Mine, once used for the oil and gas industry, could now be a valuable resource for future research, potentially holding the secrets of critical mineral prospectivity that are essential for the clean energy transition.

Mark Fellgett, NGR facility lead at BGS.

Beyond mineral prospectivity, the nature of the rock formations in this region holds wider scientific value. Due to its age dating back to the Ediacaran Period of the Precambrian, approximately 539 to 635million years ago, the material can also be used to study a marine environment that was very different to the present.

The core could be used for stratigraphical studies of the Ediacaran Period following the ‘snowball Earth’ of the Marinoan glaciation [at least 654.5million years ago]. Analytical techniques developed since my PhD research, such as transitional metal stable-isotope analysis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, could be applied to gain further knowledge of the hydrothermal processes and local and global environments at this pivotal time in the Earth history.

Dr Norman Moles.

51ÁÔÆæ is progressively scanning and digitising the NGR collections and some of them are now available online. TheGeoIndexis an easy-to-use, searchable map interface that enables users to find all data and information held by the BGS for any part of the UK, bothonshoreÌý²¹²Ô»åÌýoffshore.

To arrange a visit to access this material, go to the accessing the NGR material collections page. You can also .

For general enquiries, please contact BGS Enquiries (enquiries@bgs.ac.uk) orcall 0115 936 3100.

in Liverpool is now open.

There will be the usual plenary opening session, including an introduction to the geology of north-west England by Prof Peter Burgess, University of Liverpool, and the Ansel Dunham Memorial Lecture by Fiona McEvoy of Nuclear Waste Services. This will be followed by parallel sessions, with a variety of subjects including geotechnical and quarry design case studies, overviews of professional practice, prospecting, geomorphological quarry restoration, low-carbon resources and the water environment. .

Access .

The delegate early bird deadline is 30 June 2026.

Since 1913, BGS and its predecessor organisations have complied annual production and trade statistics on a wide range of mineral commodities. In the latest volume, World Mineral Production 2020–2024, BGS sets out the production figures by country for more than 70 mineral commodities over the five-year period from 2020 to 2024. The new volume also includes a ‘treemap’ visualisation for the first time, showing the global quantity of metals and ores produced in 2024.

Summary and trends

In 2024, conflict and political and civil unrest in several regions of the world continued, making it challenging to obtain mineral production data for some countries. China introduction of new export restrictions also limited the global availability of certain commodities, including antimony, bismuth, gallium, germanium, indium, molybdenum, tellurium and tungsten.

During 2024 several commodities experienced a significant decrease in their production volume:

• mercury production has been decreasing for a number of years: although China is still the largest single producer, its output has decreased, and Mexico has reduced its mercury production by 95 per cent over five years
• antimony, which is widely used as a fire retardant in plastics and textiles and is crucial for batteries, semiconductors and solar panels, saw its production decline by 16 per cent over the past five years and by almost 11 per cent in 2024 compared to 2023
• global production of tungsten, which is vital in creating ultra-hard tungsten carbide for cutting tools, drills and wear-resistant machinery, decreased by eight per cent in 2024 and by 12 per cent during the last five years

Despite this, production of a few commodities increased globally between 2020 and 2024:

• production of those minerals vital for batteries and energy storage systems, including cobalt, nickel and lithium, all increased in 2024, while lithium production has increased by 208 per cent, cobalt mine production by 103 per cent and mined nickel by 53 per cent over the last five years
• chromium, which is essential for the stainless steel industry, saw production increase globally by 15 per cent in 2024 and by 42 per cent over the past five years
• uranium production has responded to more favourable market conditions and increased demand for nuclear energy, with production increasing globally by 13 per cent in 2024 and by 29 per cent over the past five years

International interest

International interest in the security of supply of minerals continues to grow. Since its launch in 2022, the (CMIC), hosted by BGS, continues to guide decision making and research on critical raw materials, with increasing focus on those required for the clean energy transition. CMIC has also produced a number of notable publications, including the and .

Previous volumes

 can be found on the Minerals UK website. The information is compiled from a wide range of sources including government departments, national statistical offices, specialist commodity authorities, company reports and a network of contacts throughout the world.

Contact

For more information please contact Naomi Idoine.

Critical minerals are central to modern society and the global transition to cleaner energy systems. These minerals include the rare earth elements, which are essential for electric motors and wind turbines, as well as those that underpin battery technologies such as lithium, graphite, cobalt and nickel. As demand grows, countries worldwide are seeking to better understand the distribution, quality and economic potential of their geological resources, particularly in under-explored regions.

Across the African continent, geological survey organisations (GSOs) play vital, national roles in gathering, managing and interpreting geological and mineral data. The availability of such data supports good governance, sustainable development and transparent decision making, so strengthening this capability is essential to enabling countries to fully benefit from their natural resources.

For the past three years, BGS has been working in partnership with the Geological Survey Department of Zambia (GSD) to advance their understanding of the country natural resources. Together, we are making better use of Zambia existing geological data to improve national understanding of key metals and minerals such as copper, graphite, lithium and cobalt. This collaboration is grounded in shared priorities: building national capacity, improving data accessibility and supporting long-term, sustainable development.

How GSD is supporting the Zambian government critical minerals ambitions

A dedicated team of GSD geologists has been working with BGS specialists to strengthen Zambia national capability in critical minerals. This began with the development and publication of the guide, a national reference designed to support government planning and industry engagement. Building on this guide, GSD and BGS are now working on a new, national-scale critical mineral occurrence map. Focusing on Zambia eleven designated critical minerals, the map integrates the country most up-to-date geological information, mineral occurrences, verified deposits and operational mining and processing facilities. Built from high-quality, GIS-ready datasets, updated infrastructure data and insights from recent joint field campaigns, the map represents the most detailed digital geological dataset currently available for national planning and investment promotion.

Both the guide and draft map were formally launched on 25 February 2026 and received strong support from Zambia mineral exploration sector, government ministries and academia, reflecting widespread recognition of the importance of the map and guide to Zambia mineral strategy, helping to build confidence in the sector.

Partnerships for the future

As global demand for critical minerals grows, the role of GSOs and the partnerships between them will only become more important. Such partnerships strengthen national capability by combining technical expertise, modern data practices and long-term capacity building. GSOs and the data they manage provide the authoritative, long-term scientific evidence needed to understand a country resources, support safe and sustainable development and guide informed decision making across government, industry and society.

Published annually by BGS, the UK Minerals Yearbook provides comprehensive statistical data on the production, consumption and trade of UK minerals. The yearbook includes definitive updates to inform decision makers, the minerals industry and those interested in the contribution of minerals to the national economy.

The UK is an important producer of a range of minerals that are consumed in many sectors of the economy. Some 172.3 million tonnes of minerals were extracted from the UK landmass for sale in 2024. These can be broken down into the following main categories:

• 118.8 million tonnes (69 per cent) crushed rock for both construction and industrial uses
• 38.8 million tonnes (22.5 per cent) sand and gravel
• 8.4 million tonnes (4.9 per cent) industrial minerals (other than those within crushed rock)
• 4.9 million tonnes (2.8 per cent) other construction minerals
• 1.4 million tonnes (0.8 per cent) oil and gas (oil equivalent)
• 0.1 million tonnes (0.1 per cent) coal

A further 75.5 million tonnes, consisting mainly of oil and gas (oil equivalent), but also marine-dredged sand and gravel, were extracted from the UK continental shelf.

Download the UK Minerals Yearbook from the Minerals UK website.

The BGS BritPits dataset contains more than 264 000 records of onshore mineral workings located in Great Britain, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The data includes active, inactive, dormant and ceased sites, as well as a range of mineral operations including mines, quarries and onshore oil and gas fields, together with wharfs and rail depots handling mineral products and industrial processes. Each record describes an onshore mineral working in terms of its name, operational status, geographical location, Mineral Planning Authority (MPA), operator, geology, worked mineral commodity and a range of relevant metadata.

Three levels of BGS BritPits data are available. The open-source index is based on the full BritPits dataset but contains index level information only, including the name, status and location of the working. This can be accessed as a Web Map Service (WMS) layer or via the . The other two levels are available as licensed datasets.

• The open-source index package is available under an Open Government Licence
• The full dataset includes all the entries of the BGS BritPits database, including historic sites; this data is also available for specific Mineral Planning Areas
• A subset of the full dataset that contains only the active, inactive and dormant mines and quarries (over 5200 entries)

These datasets are updated every year. The latest version, released in February 2026, contains 264 549 records, an increase from 262 814 records in the previous version.

This data will be of use to organisations in the public and private sector who have an interest in the location of mineral extraction sites and their possible after-use. For example, the data has been supplied to:

• national and local governments for use in planning and statistical studies
• non-governmental organisations for environmental and conservation planning
• commercial organisations for analysis of resource potential and legacy operations